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Wednesday, August 31, 2011

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Tuesday, August 30, 2011

MediaFLO FLO TV

MediaFLO

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
FLO TV logo
MediaFLO is a technology developed by Qualcomm for transmitting audio, video and data to portable devices such as mobile phones and personal televisions, used for mobile television. In the United States, the service powered by this technology is branded as FLO TV.
Broadcast data transmitted via MediaFLO includes live, real time audio and video streams, as well as scheduled video and audio clips and shows. The technology can also carry Internet Protocol datacast application data, such as stock market quotes, sports scores, and weather reports.[1]
In October 2010, Qualcomm announced it was suspending new sales of the service to consumers.[2][3] In December 2010, AT&T announced that it will purchase Qualcomm's FCC licenses in the 700 MHz band.[4] FLO TV discontinued service on March 27, 2011.

Contents

Overview

The "FLO" in MediaFLO stands for Forward Link Only,[5] meaning that the data transmission path is one way, from the tower to the device. The MediaFLO system transmits data on a frequency separate from the frequencies used by current mobile telephone networks. In the United States, the MediaFLO system used frequency spectrum 716-722 MHz, which had previously been allocated to UHF TV channel 55.[6][7]
FLO has been standardized within ETSI as TS 102 589,[8] and has components standardized within the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA 1099, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1120, 1130, 1132, 1146 and 1178.)
MediaFLO is a competitor to the Korean T-DMB, the Japanese 1seg and the European DVB-H standards.
Qualcomm is also conducting MediaFLO technical trials internationally, with the intention of forming partnerships with existing multi-channel content providers and service operators.

Technology

MediaFLO logo
The protocol was developed because of the inherent spectral inefficiency of unicasting high-rate full-motion video to multiple subscribers. Additionally, traditional analog television and over-the-air terrestrial digital television signals (DVB-T) were difficult to implement on mobile devices, due mostly to issues of power consumption. ATSC, used only by the United States and its neighbors, also has difficulty even with fixed reception due to multipath, and mobile ATSC-M/H (which is free-to-air from individual TV stations) was not finalized until 2008.
In addition, the transmission need not convey as high a resolution as would be needed for a larger display. MediaFLO streams are only 200-250 kbit/s, which would be insufficient for a larger screen size.[9]
In the current United States implementation, FLO is transmitted by a network of high-power broadcast transmitters operating at effective radiated powers as high as 50 kilowatts. This allows for a coverage area of a transmitter to be as large as 30 to 40 kilometres (19 to 25 mi).[9] The activation of many of these transmitters were delayed due to the official end of analog TV broadcasting on channel 55 being delayed.[10] Immediately following the transition, the FLO network was expanded to several new markets, and coverage was enhanced in some existing ones.[11]
The transmission is an encrypted OFDM set of QAM signals sent on a 5.55 MHz channel from 716-722 MHz (former UHF TV channel 55). The band was auctioned-off by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and known as the "Lower 700 MHz Block D".[12] Qualcomm also bought, in a later auction, the use of former analog UHF TV channel 56 (722-728 MHz) in Boston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and San Francisco for additional services; however, this is owned by Manifest Wireless (a subsidiary of Dish Network's Frontier Wireless) in most other media markets, where ATSC-M/H signals are on air. All of the transmitters send the same signal and use the same frequency, forming a single-frequency network. This allows the mobile to decode the signal from more than one transmitter in the same way that it might if it was a multipath-delayed version from the same transmitter.[9] All stations use callsign WPZA237, but each has an identifier indicating its group and number. For example, one station in the metro Atlanta media market is ATL-006, while another is ATL-014.
Some other operational parameters of MediaFLO are as follows:
Parameter Value
Total number of QAM sub-carriers 4096
Number of guard sub-carriers 96
Number of pilot sub-carriers 500
Multicast Logical Channels (MLC) 1-7
Modulations used QPSK (4 symbol constellations), 16QAM (16 symbols)
Spacing between sub-carriers 1.355 kHz (5.55 MHz / 4096 sub-carriers)
Modulated symbol (chip) duration 0.18 μs (1/5.55 MHz)
[9]
All of the bearer (data) traffic occurs within an MLC using the 3500 non-overhead subcarriers. The protocol also contemplates a certain amount of inter-symbol time spacing, to allow for the effects of multi-path transmission and reception.
Parameter Value
Total OFDM symbol interval (TS) 833.33 μs
Bearer Data traffic (TU) 738.02 μs
Window interval (TWGI) 3.06 μs
Cyclic Prefix (TFGI) 92.25 μs
[9]
There is a window time TWGI included both before and after each OFDM symbol. However, since this window is shared between each two consecutive symbols, TS = TU + TWGI + TFGI.

[edit] Commercial roll-out

USA: FLO TV

In the U.S., all FLO television providers offered a set of 14 basic channels:
Adult Swim time-shares with 2.FLO, as it does on cable TV with Cartoon Network.
Additionally, the "FLO Preview Channel" was a free-to-view barker channel, available without subscription.[13]
For conditional access, Verizon Wireless utilized its EVDO network to authenticate mobile handsets and provide the decryption keys necessary to decode the programming. Because of this, users who block data use to prevent unauthorized charge were also blocked from viewing any channels, including the preview channel.
There were 16 TV channels being broadcast for Verizon.[14] The additional Verizon channels include:
There were 16 TV channels being broadcast for AT&T:[15] The additional AT&T channels are:
  • CNN Live Mobile*
  • Crackle — showing a variety of movies*
The standalone FLO TV Personal Television and FLO TV Automotive products also included CNN Live Mobile and Crackle.

Trials

Some trials are underway in Japan, Hong Kong and Taïwan, with no commitment for a commercial phase. In France, Qualcomm is trying to convince TDF to choose MediaFLO technology.

Devices

Devices including MediaFLO were first introduced by LG and Samsung at CES 2006 in Las Vegas. On December 1, 2005 Verizon Wireless and Qualcomm announced partnership for the launch of the MediaFLO network, and Verizon launched the service commercially as part of its VCAST offering on March 1, 2007, marketing the MediaFLO-specific technology/service as "VCAST TV".[16] A similar announcement was made by AT&T Mobility in February 2007.[17] AT&T Mobility launched their MediaFLO service on May 4, 2008.[18] The first non-phone TV-only devices were released in late 2009.[19]
FLO TV was first offered on certain wireless phones offered by Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless.
In November 2009 FLO TV introduced the FLO TV Personal Television mobile device (model PTV-350).

End of Service

On July 21, 2010, Qualcomm CEO Paul Jacobs said the company planned to either sell its MediaFLO business or its spectrum, or to find a partner.[20] The company had predicted the total cost to launch the service would be $800 million, including the $683 million the San Diego Union-Tribune says Qualcomm paid for the spectrum. At the time, the service covered as many as 68 million people, but many analysts confirmed that the project was losing money.
On October 5, 2010, Qualcomm signaled the end of the FloTV service by declaring that there would be no further sales of devices to consumers. Qualcomm indicated the service would be up and running through at least Spring 2011 but could be turned off at any point thereafter.[21] The company said that the MediaFLO spectrum could be used for electronic magazines or newspapers, though such services could be offered alongside the existing broadcast channels. Qualcomm had even reached out to software developers for possible solutions.[22]
On December 20, 2010, AT&T announced that it would purchase Qualcomm's FCC licenses in the 700 MHz band and that FLO TV service would be shut down on March 27, 2011. Qualcomm received $1.93 billion. Despite spending $132 million in the previous quarter on bolstering FLO TV, Qualcomm still made a profit on the sale. The AT&T paid $38 million for the former channel 55 and $558 million for the former channel 56.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Qualcomm press release on "Live Datacasting", 05Apr2006, http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2006/060405_mediaflo_usa_demonstrates.html
  2. ^ Qualcomm suspends Flo TV sales - Reuters, Oct 5 2010
  3. ^ FLO TV Doomed By Easier, Free Alternatives - MediaPost, Oct 5 2010
  4. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20101220/tc_nm/us_qualcomm_spectrum_att AT&T to buy Qualcomm's spectrum licenses for $1.93 billion
  5. ^ Origins of "FLO" name; main page, FLO Forum website (http://www.floforum.org)
  6. ^ 01Nov2004 Qualcomm press release regarding 700 MHz spectrum usage for MediaFLO -http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2004/041101_mediaflo_700mhz.html
  7. ^ Dailywireless.org- http://www.dailywireless.org/2007/01/07/verizon-launching-mediaflo/
  8. ^ ETSI TS 102 589 "Forward Link Only Air Interface; Specification for Terrestrial Mobile; Multimedia Multicast," V1.1.1 (2009-02) http://webapp.etsi.org/action/PU/20090210/ts_102589v010101p.pdf
  9. ^ a b c d e IEEE Transactions On Broadcasting, Vol. 53, No. 1, March 2007, http://www.qualcomm.com/common/documents/articles/FLO_physical_layer_IEEE.pdf
  10. ^ www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/dtvdelay.pdf
  11. ^ "FLO TV Goes National - Expands Live Mobile TV Service as DTV Transition Frees Broadband Spectrum". FLO TV. http://www.mobiletechnews.com/info/2009/06/15/121740.html. Retrieved 2010-10-04. 
  12. ^ http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auction_summary&id=60 FCC Auction 60
  13. ^ View online program guide
  14. ^ MediaFLO USA - On Air Now
  15. ^ AT&T Mobile TV
  16. ^ 01Dec2005 Qualcomm press release regarding commercial launch of MediaFLO on Verizon Wireless Network - http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2005/051201_verizon_wireless_announce.html
  17. ^ AT&T Selects QUALCOMM’s MediaFLO USA for Mobile Entertainment Services - http://www.qualcomm.com/press/releases/2007/070212_att_selects_s.html
  18. ^ NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance: Mobile TV Spreading in Europe and to the U.S., May 6, 2008
  19. ^ http://broadcastengineering.com/news/flo-tv-unveils-personal-television-1012
  20. ^ Hachman, Mark. "Qualcomm in Talks to Sell MediaFLO Mobile DTV Biz". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2366846,00.asp. 
  21. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/10/05/flo-tv-killing-direct-to-consumer-programming-in-spring-2011-wi/
  22. ^ http://www.rbr.com/tv-cable/26138.html
  23. ^ "AT&T buys $2 billion worth of 4G spectrum from Qualcomm". News & Record. Associated Press. 2010-12-20. http://www.news-record.com/content/2010/12/20/article/att_buys_2_billion_worth_of_4g_spectrum_from_qualcomm. Retrieved 2010-12-20. 

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Wednesday, May 4, 2011

4G

4G

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).[1]
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006[2] and 2009[3][4][5] respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description for LTE and Mobile-WiMAX in their current forms.
IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."[6]
In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes.[citation needed] This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.[citation needed]

Contents

[edit] Background

The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands. New generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.[citation needed]
The fastest 3G based standard in the WCDMA family is the HSPA+ standard, which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22 Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.[citation needed]
In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for what standards that should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market only brands some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), but not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

[edit] ITU Requirements and 4G wireless standards

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfil the following requirements:[7]
  • Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
  • Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITU requirements.
  • Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
  • Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[8][8][9]
  • Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
  • System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.[8]
  • Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
  • Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[10] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:
Present implementations of WiMAX and LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced by the ITU, but are still far from being implemented.[7]
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[11] LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[12]
Current LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which are actually current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with "real" 4G technologies.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[13] for inclusion in the ITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.[citation needed] This working party’s objective was not to comment on today’s 4G being rolled out in the United States and in fact, the Working Party itself purposely agreed not to tie their IMT-Advanced work to the term 4G, recognizing its common use in industry already; however, the ITU’s PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G anyway when issuing their press release.[citation needed]
The ITU’s purpose is to foster the global use of communications.[citation needed] The ITU is relied upon by developing countries,[citation needed] for example, who want to be assured a technology is standardised and likely to be widely deployed. While the ITU has developed recommendations on IMT-Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU member countries.[citation needed]

4G Predecessors and candidate systems

The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early assumed the term 4G as a short hand way to describe those advanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based on or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies, MIMO transmission and an all-IP based architecture.[citation needed] Mobile-WiMAX, first release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-OFDM meets these early assumptions, and have been considered as 4G candidate systems, but do not yet meet the more recent ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements.

4G candidate systems

LTE Advanced

See also: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) below
LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements.[14] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrum and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.[15]
Data speeds of LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced
Peak Download 1 Gbit/s
Peak Upload 500 Mbit/s

IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced

The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[16]

4G predecessors and discontinued candidate systems

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

See also: LTE Advanced above
Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem
The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[3] Currently, the two publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by Metro PCS,[17] and Verizon Wireless.[18] AT&T also has an LTE service in planned for deployment between mid-2011 and end of 2013.[18]

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)

The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels[citation needed].
The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea on 30 June 2006.[2]
Sprint Nextel has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of September 29, 2008 branded as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.[19]
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.

UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)

Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.[20] The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.

[edit] Flash-OFDM

At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.

[edit] iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems

The iBurst system ( or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered as a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.

[edit] Data rate comparison

The following table shows a comparison of 4G candidate systems as well as other competing technologies.
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods (This box: view · talk · edit)
Standard↓ Family↓ Primary Use↓ Radio Tech↓ Downlink (Mbit/s)↓ Uplink (Mbit/s)↓ Notes↓
WiMAX 802.16 Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA 128 (in 20MHz bandwidth) 56 (in 20MHz bandwidth) WiMAX update IEEE 802.16m expected to offer peak rates of at least 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100Mbit/s to mobile users.
LTE UMTS/4GSM General 4G OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA 100 (in 20MHz bandwidth) 50 (in 20 MHz bandwidth) LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users.
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Mobile Internet
mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)		 Flash-OFDM 5.3
10.6
15.9		 1.8
3.6
5.4		 Mobile range 30km (18 miles)
extended range 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9
Wi-Fi 802.11
(11n)		 Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO 300 (using 4x4 configuration in 20MHz bandwidth) or 600 (using 4x4 configuration in 40MHz bandwidth) Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310km & 382km)
iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 95 36 Cell Radius: 3–12 km
Speed: 250km/h
Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5 3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA
HSDPA+HSUPA
HSPA+		 UMTS/3GSM General 3G CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO		 0.384
14.4
56		 0.384
5.76
22		 HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 Succeeded by EV-DO for data use, but still is used for voice and as a failover for EV-DO
EV-DO 1x Rev. 0
EV-DO 1x Rev.A
EV-DO Rev.B		 CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 2.45
3.1
4.9xN		 0.15
1.8
1.8xN		 Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

[edit] Objective and approach

Objectives assumed in the literature

4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by further development of existing 3G applications like mobile broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video broadcasting systems.
In the literature, the assumed or expected 4G requirements have changed during the years before IMT-Advanced was specified by the ITU-R. These are examples of objectives stated in various sources:
  • A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R[21]
  • A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world[21]
  • Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks[22]
  • Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks[23]
  • High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.)[23]
  • Interoperability with existing wireless standards[24]
  • An all IP, packet switched network[23]
  • IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)

Approaches

Principal technologies

  • Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:[25]
    • MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
    • Frequency-domain-equalization, for example Multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization.
    • Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. Linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions
    • Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
  • Channel-dependent scheduling: To utilize the time-varying channel.
  • Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
  • Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying concept, known as multi-mode protocol

4G features assumed in early literature

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture, end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[26] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned, and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.
Cellular systems such as 4G allow seamless mobility; thus a file transfer is not interrupted in case a terminal moves from one cell (one base station coverage area) to another, but handover is carried out. The terminal also keeps the same IP address while moving, meaning that a mobile server is reachable as long as it is within the coverage area of any server. In 4G systems this mobility is provided by the mobile IP protocol, part of IP version 6, while in earlier cellular generations it was only provided by physical layer and datalink layer protocols. In addition to seamless mobility, 4G provides flexible interoperability of the various kinds of existing wireless networks, such as satellite, cellular wirelss, WLAN, PAN and systems for accessing fixed wireless networks.[27]
While maintaining seamless mobility, 4G will offer very high data rates with expectations of 100 Mbit/s wireless service. The increased bandwidth and higher data transmission rates will allow 4G users the ability to utilize high definition video and the video conferencing features of mobile devices attached to a 4G network. The 4G wireless system is expected to provide a comprehensive IP solution where multimedia applications and services can be delivered to the user on an 'Anytime, Anywhere' basis with a satisfactory high data rate, premium quality and high security.[28]
4G is described as MAGIC: mobile multimedia, any-time anywhere, global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service.[citation needed] Some key features (primarily from users' points of view) of 4G mobile networks are:[citation needed]
  • High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology
  • Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost
  • Personalization
  • Integrated services

Components

Access schemes

 This section contains information which may be of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter.
Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2010)
As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high data rate channels as it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly, FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in second generation systems, one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and TDMA and the other set introduced an access scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA increased the system capacity, but as a theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network setup does not inherently reject new clients when it approaches its limits, resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the network overloads; though this outcome is avoided in practical implementations by admission control of circuit switched or fixed bitrate communication services). Data rate is also increased as this access scheme (providing the network is not reaching its capacity) is efficient enough to handle the multipath channel. This enabled the third generation systems, such as IS-2000, UMTS, HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA, to use CDMA as the access scheme. However, the issue with CDMA is that it suffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time-domain equalization (high number of multiplications per second) for wideband channels.
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is used for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently requires high complexity equalization at the receiver.
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.

IPv6 support

Main articles: Network layer, Internet protocol, and IPv6
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.
As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.[29]

Advanced antenna systems

Main articles: MIMO and MU-MIMO
The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.

[edit] Software-defined radio (SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

History of 4G and pre-4G technologies

  • In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid out.
  • In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
  • In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.[30]
  • In June 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea.[2]
  • In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[31] ($5.45 billion in real terms[32]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks, that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On May 7, 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
  • In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[33] and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
  • In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[34]
  • In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[35] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE.
  • In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[36]
  • On 15 February 2008 - Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.[37][38][39]
  • In 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.[40]
  • In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
  • In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.[41]
  • On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[42]
  • In December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, Asia's largest food and beverage conglomerate, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.[43] Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
  • On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.[44]
  • In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).[45]
  • On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.[4][46] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[5]
  • On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime.[47]
  • On 4 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.[48]
  • In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent.[49]
  • On 25 August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime 50% of territory.
  • On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".[6]
  • On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia 4G/LTE commercial test network with a live demo conducted in Yerevan.[50]
  • On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened LTE "4G" network working in 5 biggest cities.[51]

[edit] Deployment plans

In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile communications.[52][53] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans for a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced their intentions to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their rollout by the end of 2010.
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of an international standard.[54]
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS that went live in November 2009.[55]
Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities in the United States.[45] It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s.
In the United Kingdom, Telefónica O2 is to use Slough as a guinea pig in testing the 4G network and has called upon Huawei to install LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow people to talk to each other via HD video conferencing and play PlayStation games while on the move.[56]
Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE. AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011.[57]
Sprint Nextel has deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled 4G as of October 2008. It is currently deploying to additional markets and is the first US carrier to offer a WiMAX phone.[58]
The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 700 MHz spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations.[59]
TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown Princess' Royal Wedding.[60]
Safaricom, a telecommunication company in East& Central Africa, began its setup of a 4G network in October 2010 after the now retired& Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a white elephant i.e. it failed to perform to expectations. Huawei was given the contract the network is set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of 2011
Telstra announced on 15 February 2011, that it intents to upgrade its current Next G network to 4G with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian capital cities and selected regional centres by the end of 2011.[61]

[edit] Beyond 4G research

Main article: 5G
A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by beam-division multiple access.[62]
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

[edit] References

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  52. ^ Press Release: Digiweb Mobile Takes 088
  53. ^ RTÉ News article: Ireland gets new mobile phone provider
  54. ^ "Korea to Begin Developing 5G". unwiredview.com. 2008-07-08. http://www.unwiredview.com/2008/07/08/korea-to-start-working-on-5g/. Retrieved 2010-04-08. 
  55. ^ TELUS (2008-10-10). "Next Generation Network Evolution". TELUS. http://www.telusmobility.com/network/. 
  56. ^ Neate, Rupert (2009-12-12). "Slough accepts the call to be 4G mobile phone trailblazer". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/6797198/Slough-accepts-the-call-to-be-4G-mobile-phone-trailblazer.html. Retrieved 2010-04-08. 
  57. ^ "AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone to share same 4G network". Electronista. 2007-09-21. http://www.electronista.com/articles/07/09/21/verizon.and.vodafone.4g/. Retrieved 2010-04-08. 
  58. ^ Sprint (23 March 2010). "World's First 3G/4G Android Phone, HTC EVO™ 4G, Coming this Summer Exclusively from Sprint". Press release. http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1414. Retrieved 26 November 2010. 
  59. ^ FCC White Paper. "The Public Safety Nationwide Interoperable Broadband Network, A New Model For Capacity, Performance and Cost", June 2010.
  60. ^ TeliaSonera website
  61. ^ http://www.telstra.com.au/abouttelstra/media-centre/announcements/telstra-to-launch-4g-mobile-broadband-network-by-end-2011.xml
  62. ^ IT R&D program of MKE/IITA: 2008-F-004-01 “5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation”.

[edit] External links


Preceded by
3rd Generation (3G)		 Mobile Telephony Generations Succeeded by
5th Generation (5G)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"
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